Six competing projects backed by Gulf nations are racing to build overland data routes to Europe through Syria, Iraq, and the Horn of Africa, aiming to give the region an alternative if the subsea cables it depends on are damaged.
The scramble has accelerated since Iran’s retaliatory strikes hit Amazon facilities in the Gulf and threatened both choke points through which virtually all the region’s data traffic flows. Saudi Arabia spent decades building the East-West pipeline and the…

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