In the Sahel, where sunlight is abundant and relentless, a solar farm hums under a pale, dust-laden sky. Rows of photovoltaic panels stretch towards the horizon, built to harness one of the region’s greatest natural assets. Yet the numbers do not add up. Output is down. Cleaning costs are up. Fine layers of dust settle faster than they can be removed, choking efficiency and eroding returns.
At one industrial site in Togo, monthly losses reached around €3,000, while more than 3,000 litres of water were consumed simply to keep panels…

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