Sharded vs. Distributed: The Math Behind Resilience and High Availability

July 4, 2025

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Probability is the branch of mathematics that deals with uncertainty. It helps us understand the likelihood of different outcomes occurring. Below, we consider two alternative architecture options for scaling a database horizontally and employ probability theory to show that one architecture is more reliable than the other by a factor of 60,000.

Horizontal Database Scaling Architecture Options

Application-Level Sharding

Application-level sharding uses domain-specific knowledge to partition data into multiple database instances running on…

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